تجميع كل الاسئلة المهمة النظري الخاصة بالهيد والنيك

Question 1
Give the attachments, nerve supply and action of occipito-frontalis muscle




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Answer








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Question 2

Give the attachments, nerve supply and action of Orbicularis Oculi muscle


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غير هام كسؤال نظري
ولكن هام جدا في الأسئلة القصيرة

Answer

Attachments:

1. Orbital part (the thickest)
arises from

a) Nasal part of frontal bone

b) Frontal process of maxilla

c) Medial palpebral ligament, Fibers run around the orbit to be inserted in the medial papebral ligament.

Some fibers are inserted into skin and subcutaneous tissue of eye brow

2. Palpebral part:
arises from medial palpebral ligament and is inserted (interlaced) at the lateral palpebral raphe

3. Lacrimal part:
arises from:

a) lateral surface of lacrimal bone

b) lacrimal crest

c) fascia covering the lacrimal sac

then inserted into

a) both tarsi

b) both eyelids

c) lateral palpebral raphe

Nerve Supply:

temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve

Action:

1. Orbital part: firm closure of eyelids (under the will)

2. Palpebral part: light closure of eyelids (as in sleeping)

3. Lacrimal part: draws the eyelids medially helping drainage of tears to the lacrimal sac












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Question 3
Anatomy OR Describe OR Give attachments, nerve supply, action and relations of buccinator muscle.

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Answer


Origin:
a) Outer surfaces of sockets of upper three molars
b) Outer surfaces of sockets of lower three molars
c) Anterior border of pterygomandibular raphe.
Course:
Fibers pass towards the angle of the mouth.
Insertion:
a) Central fibers interlace with each other so upper fibers pass to lower lip and lower fibers pass to upper lip.
b) The upper and lower most fibers pass to the corresponding lip.
Nerve supply:
buccal branch of facial nerve.
Action:
(accessory muscle of mastication)
1. It presses the cheeks
against gums preventing escape of food during mastication so if
paralyzed food and saliva dribble from the paralyzed side
2. Sucking in infants.
3. Whistling and blowing.
Relations:
1.Deeply:
a) Buccal mucosa
b) Buccal glands
2.Superficially:
a) Buccal branch of facial nerve
b) Facial artery
c) Anterior facial vein
d) Buccopharyngeal fascia
e) Buccal pad of fat
f) Parotid duct which pierces it










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Question 4


Describe sensory supply of the face


تقييم السؤال:
هام جدا جدا كسؤال نظري

Answer


Supratrochlear nerve:
arises from frontal branch of opthalmic nerve, supplies:
a)medial part of upper eyelid
b)skin of lower part of forehead
2. Supraorbital nerve:
arises from frontal branch of opthalmic nerve, comes out through the corresponding notch to supply:
a)middle part of upper eyelid
b)skin of forehead till lambdoid suture
3.Palpebral branch of lacrimal nerve:
supplies the lateral part of upper eyelid
4.Infratrochlear nerve:
arises from nasociliary branch of opthalmic nerve to supply:
a)lower eyelid
b)small area on upper part of the side of nose

5.External nasal nerve:
arises from nasociliary branch of opthalmic nerve to supply skin of ala and vestibule of the nose
6. Infraorbital nerve:
arises from maxillary nerve, then comes out through corresponding foramen to supply:
a)lower eyelid
b)side of the nose
c)upper lip
7. Zygomaticofacial nerve:
arises from maxillary nerve, then passes through corresponding foramen to supply skin of the cheek
8. Buccal of mandibular:
supplies:
skin of the cheek
9. Mental of mandibular nerve:
comes out through the corresponding foramen to supply lower jaw and lower lip










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Question 5

Describe sensory supply of scalp


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Answer


Zygomaticotemporal branch of maxillary nerve
arises out of its corresponding foramen to supply skin of the temple
2. Auriculotemporal branch of mandibular nerve:
comes out through upper part of parotid gland to supply:
a) temporomandibular joint
b) parenchyma of parotid gland
c) skin of scalp above the auricle
d) upper 2/3 of outer surface of the auricle
e) external auditory meatus and outer surface of ear drum
f) secretomotor fibers to parotid gland.
3. Great auricular nerve: gives three branches:
a) mastoid: to skin over mastoid process
b) auricular: to skin of both surfaces of lower part of the auricle
c) parotid: to skin over the mandible and parotid gland
4. Greater occipital:
to skin of occipital region
5. Lesser occipital:
supplies inner surface of the auricle, area of scalp behind the auricle and mastoid process
6. Third occipital:
to skin over external occipital protuberance










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Question 6
Describe motor supply of the face


تقييم السؤال:
هام كسؤال نظري


Answer


Temporal branch:
emerges from upper pole of parotid gland to supply frontalis and upper part of orbicularis oculi
2. Two Zygomatic branches:
the upper supplies orbicularis oculi, the lower supplies muscles of the nose
3. Buccal branch:
supplies buccinator and upper part of orbicularis oris
4. Mandibular branch:
supplies lower part of orbicularis oris
5. Cervical branch:
emerges from lower pole of parotid gland to supply the platysma










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Question 7
Decribe motor supply of the scalp
تقييم السؤال:
هام للأسئلة القصيرة


Answer


Posterior auricular nerve:
arises from facial nerve to supply the occipitalis muscle
2. Temporal branch of facial nerve:
supplies upper part of orbicularis occuli muscle










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Question 8
Decribe arterial supply of the scalp
تقييم السؤال:
هام جدا جدا كسؤال نظري


Answer


1Supratrochlear A:
“from ophthalmic branch of internal carotid A”
supplies the anterior part of the scalp.
2. Supraorbital A:
“from ophthalmic branch of internal carotid A”
supplies the anterior part of the scalp.
3. Superficial temporal A:
“from external carotid A”
comes out from upper pole of parotid gland with auriculotemporal nerve.
It divides to frontal and parietal branches supplying big area of the scalp.
Branches of superficial temporal A:
A) Anterior auricular A:
supplies the auricle and external auditory meatus.
B) Middle Temporal A:
supplies the temporalis muscle.
C) Transverse Facial A:
supplies the parotid gland, masseter, skin of the face.
D) Zygomatico-orbital A:
supplies the orbicularis oculi muscle.
E) Terminal branches:
Frontal and Parietal.
4. Posterior auricular A:
“from external carotid A”:
supplies the area behind the auricle.
5. Occipital A:
“from external carotid”:
ascends with greater occipital nerve to supply the occipital region










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Question 9
Describe arterial supply of the face


تقييم السؤال:
هام كسؤال نظري


Answer


Facial artery
“from external carotid A.”
-enters the face along antero-inferior angle of the masseter
-ascends upward and forward to the angle of the mouth
-runs along side of the nose to the medial angle of the eye where it ends as angular artery.
-It anastomoses with supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries
-It gives the following branches:
a) Inferior labial : to the lower lip.
b) Superior labial : to the upper lip.
c) Nasal : to the nose.
2. Transverse Facial artery:
“from superficial temporal A.”
-emerges from anterior border of parotid gland
-anastomoses with the facial artery
-supplies parotid gland and parotid duct
3. Zygomatico-orbital A.:
“from superficial temporal A.”
supplies orbicularis oculi muscle.
4. Infraorbital A:
from maxillary artery.
5. Buccal A:
from maxillary artery.
Supplies skin of the cheek.
6. Mental A:
from maxillary artery
supplies skin over the lower jaw










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Question 10
Describe venous drainage of face and scalp


تقييم السؤال:
هام جدا جدا كسؤال نظري


Answer

1. Supra-trochlear vein:
- begins in a venous network
- descends on the forehead near the middle line
- joins the supra-orbital vein forming the anterior facial vein
- receives tributaries from dorsum of the nose
2. Supraorbital vein:
- begins near to the zygomatic process of frontal bone
- runs undercover of orbicularis oculi muscle
- joins the supratrochlear vein forming the anterior facial vein
3. Superficial temporal vein:
- begins from a network of veins
- enters the parotid gland to join the maxillary vein forming the retromandibular “posterior facial” vein
- it receives the following tributaries:
a) parotid veins
b) auricular veins
c) transverse facial vein
d) middle temporal vein
4. Posterior auricular vein:
- begins from a network of veins
- joins the posterior division of retromandibular vein forming the external jugular vein
5. Occipital vein:
- begins from a network of veins
- pierces the trapezius to run in the suboccipital triangle
- joins the deep cervical and vertebral veins
- communicates with:
a) superior sagittal sinus
through parietal emissary veins
b) sigmoid sinus
through mastoid emissary veins
6. Anterior facial vein:
- formed by the union of the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins
- runs behind the facial artery along the anterior border of masseter
- it communicates with:
a) cavernous sinus
by the superior ophthalmic vein
b) pterygoid venous plexus
by the deep facial vein
- joins the anterior division of retromandibular “posterior facial” vein forming the common facial vein
7. Posterior facial “retromandibular” vein:
- formed by union of superficial temporal and maxillary veins
- descends inside the parotid gland superficial to external carotid artery and deep to the facial nerve
- divides into anterior and posterior divisions
a) anterior division:
* joins the anterior facial vein forming the common facial vein which ends in the internal jugular vein
b) posterior division:
* joins the posterior auricular vein forming the external jugular vein










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Question 11
Describe the position of parotid gland


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وفي الأسئلة القصيرة


Answer

1. Upper pole:
lies against cartilaginous part of external auditory meatus and capsule of temporomandibular joint
2. Lower pole:
separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomandibular ligament
3. Anterior border:
extends over the masseter
4. Posterior border:
overlaps the sternocleidomastoid muscle










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Question 12
Enumerate parts of parotid gland


تقييم السؤال:
هام جدا جدا في الأسئلة القصيرة بكافة أنواعها


Answer


1. Main part:
wedge-shaped
2. Deep part:
deep to the mandible
3. Accessory part:
along the parotid duct



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Question 13
Describe the relations of parotid gland


تقييم السؤال:
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Answer

1. Lateral “superficial” surface:
related to:
a) skin
b) superficial facia
c) great auricular nerve
d) superficial parotid lymph nodes
2. Anteromedial surface:
related to:
a) ramus of the mandible
b) Masseter on outer surface of the ramus
c) Medial pterygoid on inner surface of the angle of the mandible
d) Lateral aspect of temporomandibular joint
3. Posteromedial surface:
related to:
a) mastoid process and muscles attached to it “sternomastoid, posterior belly of digasteric”
b) styloid process and muscles attached to it
c) three vessels:
-internal carotid artery
-external carotid artery
-internal jugular vein
d) lower four cranial nerves “IX, X, XI, XII”
4. Upper pole:
lies against cartilaginous part of external auditory meatus and capsule of temporomandibular joint
5. Lower pole:
separated from the submandibular gland by the stylomandibular ligament
6. Anterior border:
a) extends over the masseter
b) behind it:
- parotid duct
- transverse facial nerve
- zygomatic branches of facial nerve
- buccal branches of facial nerve
- mandibular branch of facial nerve
7. Posterior border:
overlaps the sternocleidomastoid muscle










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Question 14
Structures within the parotid gland


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Answer

1. Facial nerve:
enters its upper part then gives its five terminal branches which emerge from behind the its anterior border
2. Retromandibular “posterior facial” vein:
descends then divides near the lower pole into an anterior and posterior divisions
3. External carotid artery:
ascends in the gland then divides into superficial temporal and maxillary arteries










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Question 15
Structures entering and leaving the parotid gland


تقييم السؤال:
غير هام كسؤال نظري
ولكن هام في الأسئلة القصيرة


Answer

1. At the lower pole:
a) external carotid artery “enters”
b) divisions of retromandibular vein “leave”
c) cervical branch of facial nerve “leaves”
2. At the upper pole:
a) superficial temporal vein “enters”
b) superficial temporal artery “leaves”
c) Auriculotemporal nerve “leaves”
d) temporal branch of facial nerve “leaves












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Question 16
Mention the nerve supply of parotid gland


تقييم السؤال:
هام جدا جدا جدا كسؤال نظري


Answer

1. Sensory:
a) Auriculotemporal nerve
b) Great auricular nerve
2. Sympathetic:
plexus around external carotid and middle meningeal arteries
3. Parasympathetic:
- the inferior salivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata gives the glossopharyngeal nerve
- which passes through jugular foramen
- then gives the tympanic “Jacobson’s” nerve
- it enters the tympanic canaliculus
- it joins the sympathetic corticotympanic nerve forming the tympanic plexus
- the plexus gives lesser superficial petrosal nerve which passes through corresponding hiatus
- it comes out of foramen ovale to relay in the otic ganglion
- it joins the auriculotemporal nerve to give parasympathetic supply of the gland

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ينبع باذن الله

لو كان ح عندة اي اضافة يقولها

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